Five Steps For Learning fluent English

English grammar is the way in which meanings are encoded into wordings in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences, right up to the structure of whole texts. There are historical, social, cultural and regional variations of English.

Five Steps For  Learning fluent English 

Step= 1@ Focus on Parts of Speech





Step@2: Focus on Sentences
    On the basis of Structure, there are three types of sentences as shown below


 And on the basis of Purpose, there are five types of Sentences.These are
          1)Assertive Sentence
          2)Interrogative Sentence
          3)Imperative Sentence
          4)Optative Sentence
          5)Exclatory Sentence


Step@3:Learn The Phrases




                                       










Step@4: Learn Clause

In grammar, a clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. A typical clause consists of a subject and a predicate, the latter typically a verb phrase, a verb with any objects and other modifiers.

What is a clause?

A clause is a part of a sentence. There are two main types: independent (main clauses), dependent (subordinate clauses).

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning.

For example: The door opened.

Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form complex or compound sentences.

CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
and	but	for
or	nor	so
yet

For example: Take two independent clauses and join them together with the conjunction and: " The door opened." "The man walked in." = The door opened and the man walked in.

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usually joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.

Dependent clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (see below) that makes the clause unable to stand alone.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
after	although	as	because
before	even if	even though	if
in order that	once	provided that	rather than
since	so that	than	that
though	unless	until	when
whenever	where	whereas	wherever
whether	while	why

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
that	which	whichever
who	whoever	whom
whose	whosever	whomever

For example:

The door opened because the man pushed it.

Dependent clauses can be nominal, adverbial or adjectival.

A nominal clause (noun clause) functions like a noun or noun phrase. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own and contains one of the following: that | if | whether

For example:

• I wondered whether the homework was necessary.

Noun clauses answer questions like "who(m)?" or "what?"

An adverbial clause (adverb clause) is a word or expression in the sentence that functions as an adverb; that is, it tells you something about how the action in the verb was done. An adverbial clause is separated from the other clauses by any of the following subordinating conjunctions: after | although | as | because | before | if | since | that | though | till | unless | until | when |where | while

For example:

• They will visit you before they go to the airport.

Adverbial clauses can also be placed before the main clause without changing the meaning.

For example:

• Before they go to the airport, they will visit you.

!Note - When an adverb clause introduces the sentence (as this one does), it is set off with a comma.

Adverb clauses answer questions like "when?", "where?", "why?"

An adjectival clause (adjective clause or relative clause) does the work of an adjective and describes a noun, it's usually introduced by a relative pronoun: who | whom | whose | that | which

For example:

• I went to the show that was very popular.

This kind of clause is used to provide extra information about the noun it follows. This can be to define something (a defining clause), or provide unnecessary, but interesting, added information (a non-defining clause).

For example:

• The car that is parked in front of the gates will be towed away. (Defining relative clause.)

Information contained in the defining relative clause is absolutely essential in order for us to be able to identify the car in question.

• My dog, who is grey and white, chased the postman. ( Non-defining relative clause)

A non-defining relative clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If you take away the non-defining clause the basic meaning of the sentence remains intact.

For example:

• My dog chased the postman.

Adjective clauses answer questions like "which?" or "what kind of?"

SUMMARY

An adjective clause functions as an adjective (modifies a noun or pronoun); an adverb clause functions as an adverb (describes a verb, adjective or other adverb); a noun clause is used as a noun (subject of a verb, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative or object of the preposition).

!Note - The difference between a clause and a phrase is that a phrase does not contain a finite verb.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

A relative clause follows the noun it modifies. It is generally indicated by a relative pronoun at the start of the clause, although sometimes you can tell simply by word order. The choice of relative pronoun, or choice to omit one, can be affected by the following:-

HUMAN OR NON-HUMAN?

We make a distinction between an antecedent that is a human — who(m) — and an antecedent which is a non-human — which.

Who(m) is used when the antecedent is a person.
That is used to refer to either a person or thing.
Which is used to refer to anything exept a person.

• I met a man and a woman yesterday. The woman, who had long blonde hair, was very pretty.
• The man she was with, was the man that / who won the race.
• The race was the one that I lost.
• The man, to whom the winnings were given, was with the woman who was very pretty. 

!Note - Whom is not used much in spoken English.

RESTRICTIVE OR NON-RESTRICTIVE?

Restrictive relative clauses are sometimes called defining relative clauses, or identifying relative clauses. Similarly, non-restrictive relative clauses are called non-defining or non-identifying relative clauses.

In English a non-restrictive relative clause is preceded by a pause in speech or a comma in writing, unlike a restrictive clause.

For example:-

The builder, who erects very fine houses, will make a large profit.
This example, with commas, contains a non-restrictive relative clause. It refers to a specific builder, and assumes we know which builder is intended. It tells us firstly about his houses, then about his profits.

The builder who erects very fine houses will make a large profit.
This second example uses a restrictive relative clause. Without the commas, the sentence states that any builder who builds such houses will make a profit.

Step@5: Conjugation of Verb

Conjugated verbs are verbs which have been changed to communicate one or more of the following: person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, or voice. Those will be explained in detail in just a moment: but first, here's an example of the verb“break” conjugated in several different ways.

English: have

English verb 'have' conjugated in all tenses

Nominal Forms

Infinitive: to have
Participle: had
Gerund: having

Indicative

Present

I	have
you	have
he;she;it	has
we	have
you	have
they	have

Perfect

I	have had
you	have had
he;she;it	has had
we	have had
you	have had
they	have had

Past

I	had
you	had
he;she;it	had
we	had
you	had
they	had

Pluperfect

I	had had
you	had had
he;she;it	had had
we	had had
you	had had
they	had had

Future

I	will have
you	will have
he;she;it	will have
we	will have
you	will have
they	will have

Future perfect

I	will have had
you	will have had
he;she;it	will have had
we	will have had
you	will have had
they	will have had

Subjunctive

Present

I	have
you	have
he;she;it	have
we	have
you	have
they	have

Perfect

I	have had
you	have had
he;she;it	have had
we	have had
you	have had
they	have had

Imperfect

I	had
you	had
he;she;it	had
we	had
you	had
they	had

Pluperfect

I	had had
you	had had
he;she;it	had had
we	had had
you	had had
they	had had

Conditional

Present

I	would have
you	would have
he;she;it	would have
we	would have
you	would have
they	would have

Perfect

I	would have had
you	would have had
he;she;it	would have had
we	would have had
you	would have had
they	would have had

Imperative

you	have
we	Let's have
you	have

Progressive (Continuous) Forms

Indicative

Present

I	am having
you	are having
he;she;it	is having
we	are having
you	are having
they	are having

Perfect

I	have been having
you	have been having
he;she;it	has been having
we	have been having
you	have been having
they	have been having

Past

I	was having
you	were having
he;she;it	was having
we	were having
you	were having
they	were having

Pluperfect

I	had been having
you	had been having
he;she;it	had been having
we	had been having
you	had been having
they	had been having

Future

I	will be having
you	will be having
he;she;it	will be having
we	will be having
you	will be having
they	will be having

Future perfect

I	will have been having
you	will have been having
he;she;it	will have been having
we	will have been having
you	will have been having
they	will have been having

Conditional

Present

I	would be having
you	would be having
he;she;it	would be having
we	would be having
you	would be having
they	would be having

Perfect

English: be

English verb 'be' conjugated in all tenses

Nominal Forms

Infinitive: to be
Participle: been
Gerund: being

Indicative

Present

I	am
you	are
he;she;it	is
we	are
you	are
they	are

Perfect

I	have been
you	have been
he;she;it	has been
we	have been
you	have been
they	have been

Past

I	was
you	were
he;she;it	was
we	were
you	were
they	were

Pluperfect

I	had been
you	had been
he;she;it	had been
we	had been
you	had been
they	had been

Future

I	will be
you	will be
he;she;it	will be
we	will be
you	will be
they	will be

Future perfect

I	will have been
you	will have been
he;she;it	will have been
we	will have been
you	will have been
they	will have been

Subjunctive

Present

I	be
you	be
he;she;it	be
we	be
you	be
they	be

Perfect

I	have been
you	have been
he;she;it	have been
we	have been
you	have been
they	have been

Imperfect

I	were
you	were
he;she;it	were
we	were
you	were
they	were

Pluperfect

I	had been
you	had been
he;she;it	had been
we	had been
you	had been
they	had been

Conditional

Present

I	would be
you	would be
he;she;it	would be
we	would be
you	would be
they	would be

Perfect

I	would have been
you	would have been
he;she;it	would have been
we	would have been
you	would have been
they	would have been

Imperative

you	be
we	Let's be
you	be

Progressive (Continuous) Forms

Indicative

Present

I	am being
you	are being
he;she;it	is being
we	are being
you	are being
they	are being

Perfect

I	have been being
you	have been being
he;she;it	has been being
we	have been being
you	have been being
they	have been being

Past

I	was being
you	were being
he;she;it	was being
we	were being
you	were being
they	were being

Pluperfect

I	had been being
you	had been being
he;she;it	had been being
we	had been being
you	had been being
they	had been being

Future

I	will be being
you	will be being
he;she;it	will be being
we	will be being
you	will be being
they	will be being

Future perfect

I	will have been being
you	will have been being
he;she;it	will have been being
we	will have been being
you	will have been being
they	will have been being

Conditional

Present

I	would be being
you	would be being
he;she; it	would be being
we	would be being
you	would be being
they	would be being

Perfect